For heavy metal analysis, samples were filtered through 0.45 um Millipore PTFE filter paper, and 2% ultrapure nitric acid was added to the samples. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (7700, Aijiren Technologies, CA, USA) was used to analyse the concentration of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn).